«Английский язык, вариант 4»

ВАРИАНТ 4

TORSION

2) The torsional moment acting on a particular structural component

such as a spandrel beam can be calculated using normal structural analysis procedures. Design of the particular component needs to be based on the limit of failure. Therefore, the nonlinear behavior of a structural system after torsional cracking must be identified in one of the following two conditions: I) no redistribution of torsional stress to other members after cracking and 2) redistribution of torsional stress and moments after cracking to effect deformation compatibility between intersecting members.

3) Stress resultants in statically determinate beams can be evaluated fr om equilibrium conditions alone. Such conditions require a design for the full-factored external torsional moment, because no redistribution of torsional stress is possible. This state is often termed equilibrium torsion.

6) Neglect of the full effect of the total external torsional moment in this case does not lead to failure of the structure but may result in excessive cracking.

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3, 6.

Задание 2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту "Torsion":

1 What elements are subjected to twisting moments?

2 Where does torsion occur?

3 How can the torsional moment be calculated?

4 When can failure happen?

5 What may redistributions of stresses result in?

Задание З. Найдите и выпишите из текста "Torsion" английские эквиваленты следующих выражений.

деформация кручения -

рандбалка -

пренебрежение -

подвергаться -

перераспределение напряжения кручения -

состояние равновесия -

нести нагрузку -

соединение -

главный вектор напряжений -

чрезмерная трещина -

Задание 4. Соотнесите английские и русские слова и словосочетания:

edge beam продольная ось

'^'чге кручение касательного напряжения

Г beams равновесие сил

longitudinal axis рандбалка

equilibrium of forces консольная плита

cantilever slab разрушение

torsional shearing stress Т-балка

Задание 5. Определите видовременныг формы глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1 Thus the designer of the Kinemax has managed to make the illusion last long after the visitors have left the building.

2 Iron beams became structurally important elements only in the late 18th century with the widespread introduction of cast iron.

3 Loading for slabs is normally specified in pounds per square foot.

4 The talented architects are creating revolutionary structures.

5 An abandoned furniture store was transformed into a sparkling school in an imaginative space.

6 Several methods of analysis of statically indeterminate structures have been developed over the years.

7 The classical methods are based primarily on a physical understanding of the structural deformational behavior.

8 Reinforced concrete is weak in tension but strong in compression.

Задание б. Перепишите, подчеркните в предложениях модальные глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1 Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts.

2 The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials.

3 The walls may be solid or hollow.

4 Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain himself in the conflict with nature.

5 The overall thickness should not be less than 8 inches.