«Информационные технологии в юридической деятельности. Вариант №8» - Контрольная работа

coroner\'s court- суд коронера (специальный судья, в обязанности которого входит выяснение причины смерти, наступившей при необычных или подозрительных обстоятельствах
juvenile court - суд по делам несовершеннолетних
to refer- посылать, отсылать, передавать на рассмотрение
to hear- разбирать, заслушивать, слушать
magistrates\' court - суд магистрата, магистратский суд
fair- честный, справедливый, беспристрастный
violent- насильственный
to include - включать, содержать (в себе)
to investigate -расследовать
taxation - налогообложение
Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите текст. Изучите схему судебной системы Великобритании. Пришлите перевод в электронном виде.
The court system of England and Wales
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates\' court. There are 700 magistrates\' courts and about 30 000 magistrates.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in Country courts.
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates\' courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts). Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners\' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals. They make quick, cheap and fair
decisions which much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, overtaxation).
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Пришлите ответы в электронном виде.
общее право; решение суда; Суд Короны; гражданское дело; суды графств; Европейский суд по правам человека; правовая система; суд по делам несовершеннолетних; правонарушитель; насильственная смерть; уголовное дело.
Задание 4. Ответьте на англ, языке на вопросы по тексту. Пришлите ответы в электронном виде.
1. How are English courts divided?
2. What is the most common type of law court in England?
3. Name three other types of British courts?
4. What are the main functions of juvenile courts?
5. How do tribunals function?

2.2 Государство и право в их соотношении и взаимодействии….….6
2.3 Влияние государства на право ….8
2.4 Влияние права на государство ….12
2.5 Возникновение и развитие идеи правового государства….15
3. Возможность государственного принуждения в обеспечении реализации правовых норм….17
3.1 Понятие государственного принуждения ….17
3.2 Виды государственного принуждения …20
3.3 Юридическая ответственность как вид государственного принуждения .21
4. Заключение….43
5. Список использованной литературы….46

I am specializing in Jurisprudence. I'm good at Legal Studies and hope to be a good specialist.
Lawyers have to solve many problems that still exist in our society. Their duty is not only to punish people for various crimes, but they must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our society. Lawyers protect legal interests of citizens, institutions and organizations.
A lawyer must be interested in many subjects because he deals with many different people and various problems. He must be a well educated man with broad outlook to be successful in his profession. His language (speech) must be clear and simple.
The rate at which the legal profession is growing will probably continue. Why is the career in law so popular?
Of course, because of the prestige and salary. The average salary of an experienced lawyer is still substantially greater than that of many other professionals.
In some years I'll be able to find the job in accordance with the knowledge I get, because our department trains specialists for working in court, Notary and other juridical bodies.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Пришлите ответы в электронном виде.
быть студентом (студенткой) заочного отделения; правоведение; решать многие проблемы; делать все возможное; интересоваться различными вопросами; широкий кругозор; престиж; средняя заработная плата; готовить специалистов для работы.
Задание 4. Ответьте на англ. языке на вопросы по тексту. Пришлите ответы в электронном виде.
1. What department do you study at?
2. What is your specialization?
3. What do usually lawyers do?
4. What kind of person must be a lawyer? Why?
5. Why do you think your future profession is popular today?
6. Have you already decided where you want to work?

2. Что такое лагерный пекулий? Может ли paterfamilias расплатиться за свои долги из лагерного пекулия подвластного?
3. Что такое иск об уведенных вещах (actio rerum amotarum)? Когда он применялся?
4. Какие основные и необходимые элементы должно иметь завещание для того, чтобы быть действительным? Какие дополнительные части оно содержало?
5. Чем отличаются res sacrae и res religiosa?
6. Какими способами защищается владение? Что такое и для чего применяется Публицианов иск?
7. Возможна ли временная собственность?
8. Что такое эмфитевсис? Чем он отличается от других сервитутов?
9. Перечислите и кратко охарактеризуйте основные реквизиты предоставления по обязательству.
10. Охарактеризуйте основные обязательства из деликтов, известные римскому праву. Что такое кража пользования?
11. Как систематизировались сделки в римском праве? Как оценивается форма волеизъявления? Важна ли мотивация для квалификации юридической сделки?
12. Уезжая в далекое путешествие, некто поручил своему другу Н. передать книги одному их общему знакомому. Однако случилось так, что это поручение выполнить не удалось вследствие скоропостижной смерти хозяина книг. Как должен поступить Н.? Может ли он сделаться собственником книг по давности владения? Если нет, то почему?
13. Имеет ли право собственник сада собрать плоды, не собранные узуфруктуарием?

Заключение….….….24
Список использованной литературы ….27

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs (informal rules of social and moral behavior). Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
Customs need not to be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules without suffering any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called customs.
Order is rich with meaning. Let’s start with “Law and order”. Maintaining order in this sense means establishing the rule of law to preserve life and to protect property. To the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), preserving life was the most important function of law. He described life without law as life in a “state of nature”. Without rules, people would live like predators, stealing and killing for personal benefit.
Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self- protection.
If it were not for the law, you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are far more good people in the world than bad, but there are enough of the bad, to make law necessary in the interests of everyone. Even if we were all as good as we ought to be, laws would still be necessary. How is one good man in a motorcar to pass another good man also in a motorcar coming in an opposite direction, unless there is some rule of the road?
Suppose you went to a greengrocery- and bought some potatoes and found on your return home that they were mouldy or even that some of them were stones, what could you do if there were no laws on the subject? In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle. Every country tries, therefore, to
provide laws, which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all an easy thing to do. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfactory. But the imperfect laws are better than none.

insufficient- недостаточный
to pass - сдавать (экзамены)
requirement - требование
to take a course - пройти учебный курс
finals - выпускные экзамены
articled clerk- клерк-стажер (без жалования)
to prepare - готовить(ся)
to supervise - наблюдать, руководить
the Bar Final Examination - экзамен, который сдается при поступлении в Коллегию Адвокатов The Law Society Final Examination - экзамен, дающий право быть членом Общества юристов (профессионального союза солиситоров)
Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите текст. Пришлите перевод в электронном виде.
How does someone become a lawyer in England?
In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is necessary to get a University degree in law. However, in others a degree may be insufficient. Professional examinations must be passed. In Britain, it is not in fact necessary to have a degree, although nowadays most people entering the profession do. The main requirement is to pass the Bar Final examination (for barristers) or the law Society Final examination (for solicitor). Someone with university degree in a subject other than law needs first to take a preparatory course. Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final examination, but this will take several years. In most countries, lawyers will tell you that the time they spent studying for their law finals was one of the worst periods of their life. This is because an enormous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law must be memorized.
Even after passing the examination a lawyer is not necessarily qualified. A solicitor in England, for example, must then spend two years as an articled clerk. During this time his work is closely supervised by an experienced lawyer, and he must take further courses. A barrister must spend a similar year as a pupil.
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Задание 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Пришлите ответы в электронном виде.
стать юристом; получить университетскую степень; недостаточный; сдавать экзамены; основное требование; пройти подготовительный курс; выпускные экзамены в области юриспруденции; за его работой наблюдают; клерк-стажер.
Задание 4. Ответьте на англ, языке на вопросы по тексту. Ответы пришлите в электронном виде.
1. Is it difficult to become a lawyer in England?
2. A future lawyer must pass various professional exams. Yes or no?
3. Can you explain what the expression \"an articled clerk\" means?
4. Are there any final exams for future lawyers in your country?
5. If you were to decide on your future law career, would you like to become a barrister or a solicitor?

sue or be sued - выступать в суде в качестве истца или ответчика The Supreme Court - Верховный Суд tier- ярус judge - судья
to resolve - принимать решение, выносить резолюцию to depend(on/upon) - зависеть от to review - пересматривать
Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите текст. Изучите схему судебной системы США. Пришлите перевод в электронном виде.
The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.
Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. The bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Пришлите перевод в электронном виде.
сосуществовать; частные лица ; суды штатов; - федеральные суды; рассматривать дело; подавляющее большинство; подпадать под юрисдикцию; высшие суды; апелляционные суды; исключение.
Задание 4. Ответьте на англ, языке на вопросы по тексту. Ответы пришлите в электронном виде.
1. Why is the American court system considered to be complex?
2. Name American courts in the descending order.
3. In what way are the federal courts organized?
4. Where does litigation begin?
5. What does the word "to appeal" mean?